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SEC Cybersecurity Disclosure Legal Counsel

The Legal Problem

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) cybersecurity disclosure rules, effective December 15, 2023, impose two categories of obligation on public technology companies: Item 1.05 of Form 8-K requires disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents within four business days of determining that a cybersecurity incident is material; and Item 106 of Regulation S-K requires annual disclosure in the Form 10-K of the company's cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance.

The critical legal challenge is materiality determination. The four-business-day clock runs from the determination of materiality, not from discovery of the incident. This means that the internal process for making materiality determinations — who is involved, what criteria are applied, and how the determination is documented — is both a legal compliance process and a securities law exposure management process. A delayed or poorly documented materiality determination is itself a disclosure violation.

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guibert.law Insight

The SEC cybersecurity disclosure rules require disclosure of the material aspects of the nature, scope, and timing of a material cybersecurity incident and its material impact. This disclosure must be made without waiting for full forensic investigation to be complete. The legal skill in Item 1.05 disclosure is describing the incident accurately in the information available at the time of disclosure, while not making statements that will be inconsistent with later disclosures as the investigation develops.

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